rocksdb/wiki/fifo_compaction.md

# FIFO Compaction Strategy

This document describes the FIFO compaction style in RocksDB, covering the
file dropping strategies and both the old and new intra-L0 compaction
picking strategies.

## Overview

FIFO compaction is designed for time-series and log-like workloads where data
has a natural expiration. All data lives at L0. When total data exceeds a
configured size limit, the oldest SST files are dropped — no merge, no rewrite,
just deletion. This gives near-zero write amplification for the compaction layer.

```
L0 (all data lives here):
  Newest                                                           Oldest
    |                                                                |
    v                                                                v
  [SST_N] [SST_N-1] ... [SST_3] [SST_2] [SST_1]
    ^                                       ^
    |                                       |
  new flushes added here          oldest files dropped here
                                  (when over size limit)
```

Without intra-L0 compaction, every memtable flush creates a new small SST file.
Over time, the number of L0 files grows, increasing read amplification (each
point lookup must check every L0 file). Intra-L0 compaction addresses this by
merging small files into fewer larger files.

## Compaction Picking Priority Chain

When compaction is triggered (score >= 1.0), the picker tries these strategies
in order, returning the first non-null result:

```
PickCompaction():
    |
    |-- 1. PickTTLCompaction()               [File Dropping]
    |       Drop files older than TTL.
    |
    |-- 2. PickSizeCompaction()              [File Dropping]
    |       Drop oldest files when over size limit.
    |
    |-- 3. PickIntraL0Compaction()           [Intra-L0]
    |       Dispatcher: merges small L0 files to reduce file count.
    |       Requires allow_compaction=true. Dispatches to:
    |         - PickRatioBasedIntraL0Compaction (use_kv_ratio_compaction=true)
    |         - PickCostBasedIntraL0Compaction  (use_kv_ratio_compaction=false)
    |
    |-- 4. PickTemperatureChangeCompaction() [Temperature Migration]
            Rewrite one file to change its temperature tier.
            Lowest priority — runs only if nothing else needs to be done.
```

Steps 1 and 2 are **file dropping** — they delete old files to enforce size
or TTL limits. Step 3 is **intra-L0 compaction** — it merges small files into
fewer larger ones. `PickIntraL0Compaction` is the dispatcher that selects
between the two strategies based on `use_kv_ratio_compaction`.

Step 4 is **temperature migration** — it rewrites a single file to change its
storage temperature (e.g., moving cold data to cheaper storage). It picks one
file at a time, checking if the file's age exceeds a configured threshold but
its current temperature doesn't match the target. It runs last because it's
the lowest priority: disk space management (dropping) and read amplification
(intra-L0) are more important than storage tiering. Since FIFO only allows
one compaction at a time, running temperature change last ensures it never
blocks more critical operations.

Note: Intra-L0 compaction runs after size-based dropping. If `PickSizeCompaction`
dropped files (returned non-null), `PickIntraL0Compaction` is skipped. This
means intra-L0 only runs when the DB is under the size limit or when
size-based compaction is already in progress.

## Score Computation

The compaction score determines when compaction should be triggered. For FIFO:

```
score = effective_total_size / effective_max_size
```

Where:
- `effective_total_size` = total SST size (or SST + blob when
  `max_data_files_size > 0`)
- `effective_max_size` = `max_table_files_size` (or `max_data_files_size`
  when set)

Additional score contributions:
- When `allow_compaction` is true (enables intra-L0 compaction):
  `score = max(score, num_sorted_runs / level0_file_num_compaction_trigger)`
- When `ttl > 0`: score is boosted by expired file count
- When temperature thresholds are set: score is boosted if files need
  temperature change

---

# Part 1: File Dropping Strategies

These strategies delete old files to enforce data size or TTL limits.
No data is rewritten — files are simply removed.

## TTL-Based Dropping (`PickTTLCompaction`)

**When**: `ttl > 0`

Drops L0 files whose data is older than the TTL threshold. Iterates from
oldest to newest, checking `newest_key_time` or `creation_time` from table
properties against `current_time - ttl`.

```
Before TTL compaction (ttl = 3600s, files older than 1 hour):

  L0: [F6:10m] [F5:20m] [F4:40m] [F3:50m] [F2:70m] [F1:80m]
                                              ^^^^     ^^^^
                                            older than TTL --> DROP

After:
  L0: [F6:10m] [F5:20m] [F4:40m] [F3:50m]
```

Returns `nullptr` if deleting expired files would still leave the total size
above the size limit — in that case, size-based dropping handles it instead.

**Config**: `MutableCFOptions::ttl` (in seconds)

## Size-Based Dropping (`PickSizeCompaction`)

**When**: Total size exceeds the configured limit.

### SST-Only Mode (default)

Compares sum of SST file sizes against `max_table_files_size`:

```
Before (total 1.2GB > max_table_files_size 1GB):

  L0: [F8:200MB] [F7:200MB] [F6:200MB] [F5:200MB] [F4:200MB] [F3:200MB]
                                                       total = 1.2GB

  Drop oldest files until under limit:
  Drop F3 (200MB) --> remaining = 1.0GB <= 1GB limit --> STOP

After:
  L0: [F8:200MB] [F7:200MB] [F6:200MB] [F5:200MB] [F4:200MB]
                                                       total = 1.0GB
```

### Blob-Aware Mode (`max_data_files_size > 0`)

When BlobDB is enabled, SST files are small (keys + blob references) and blob
files hold the actual values. The total disk usage is dominated by blob files,
so `max_table_files_size` (SST-only) cannot control total disk usage.

`max_data_files_size` accounts for both SST and blob files:

```
effective_size = total_sst + total_blob

Example: total_sst = 10MB, total_blob = 9.99GB
  max_table_files_size = 1GB  --> sees 10MB, no dropping (WRONG!)
  max_data_files_size = 10GB  --> sees 10GB, drops when exceeded (CORRECT)
```

When dropping files, proportional estimation is used to account for blob
data freed per SST file:

```
data_per_file = effective_size / num_files
```

Blob files are automatically cleaned up when their linked SSTs are deleted
(via `BlobFileMetaData::GetLinkedSsts()` reference counting).

**Config**:
- `CompactionOptionsFIFO::max_table_files_size` (default: 1GB)
- `CompactionOptionsFIFO::max_data_files_size` (default: 0, disabled)

## Temperature Migration (`PickTemperatureChangeCompaction`)

**When**: `file_temperature_age_thresholds` is non-empty

This is NOT file dropping — it **rewrites** a single SST file to assign it a
new storage temperature (e.g., kWarm, kCold). This allows tiered storage
systems to move aging data to cheaper/slower media. The file content is
unchanged; only the temperature metadata is updated.

Picks one file at a time, scanning from oldest to newest. For each file,
checks if its age exceeds a configured threshold AND its current temperature
doesn't match the target. Only one file is migrated per compaction to minimize
impact on other operations. Only works with single-level FIFO
(`num_levels == 1`).

This runs as the **lowest priority** in the picking chain (step 4) because
storage tiering is less urgent than disk space management (dropping) or read
amplification (intra-L0 compaction). Since FIFO allows only one compaction at
a time, this ensures temperature migration never blocks critical operations.

```
Config: file_temperature_age_thresholds = [{kWarm, 3600}, {kCold, 86400}]

  [F6:5m,kUnk] [F5:30m,kUnk] [F4:2h,kUnk] [F3:5h,kUnk] [F2:2d,kUnk]
                                                            ^^^^^^^^
                                                            age > 86400s
                                                            --> compact to kCold

After:
  [F6:5m,kUnk] [F5:30m,kUnk] [F4:2h,kUnk] [F3:5h,kUnk] [F2:2d,kCold]
```

**Config**: `CompactionOptionsFIFO::file_temperature_age_thresholds`

---

# Part 2: Intra-L0 Compaction

Intra-L0 compaction merges multiple small L0 files into fewer larger files
to reduce file count and read amplification. Unlike file dropping, this
rewrites data — but only SST data (blob files are never rewritten).

`allow_compaction = true` is the **master switch** for intra-L0 compaction.
When enabled, `use_kv_ratio_compaction` selects which picking strategy to use:

```
  allow_compaction = true          (master switch for intra-L0)
          |
          +-- use_kv_ratio_compaction = false   (default)
          |     Old Strategy: PickCostBasedIntraL0Compaction
          |     Guard: 1.1 * write_buffer_size
          |     Works when SST ~= write_buffer_size (non-BlobDB)
          |
          +-- use_kv_ratio_compaction = true
                New Strategy: PickRatioBasedIntraL0Compaction
                Guard: capacity-derived target from SST/blob ratio
                Works when SST << write_buffer_size (BlobDB)
                Requires: max_data_files_size > 0
```

## Old Strategy: `PickCostBasedIntraL0Compaction`

**When**: `allow_compaction = true` AND `use_kv_ratio_compaction = false`.
Called from `PickIntraL0Compaction` (which only runs when `PickSizeCompaction`
returned nullptr, meaning the DB is under the size limit).

This is the original intra-L0 compaction, implemented in
`PickCostBasedIntraL0Compaction()`. It uses a greedy algorithm to pick files,
with a `write_buffer_size`-based guard to prevent re-compacting large files.

### Algorithm

```
1. Start from the newest L0 file (index 0)
2. Greedily add older files while compact_bytes_per_del_file decreases
3. Stop when:
   - A file is being_compacted
   - compact_bytes_per_del_file starts increasing (diminishing returns)
   - Total exceeds max_compaction_bytes
4. Check: enough files (>= trigger) AND per_del < 1.1 * write_buffer_size
5. Output: always a single file
```

### Understanding `compact_bytes_per_del_file`

`compact_bytes_per_del_file` measures the **cost per file eliminated**. When
we compact N files into 1 output, we eliminate (N-1) files but must read and
rewrite all N files' data. The metric is:

```
compact_bytes_per_del_file = total_input_bytes / (num_files - 1)
```

The algorithm greedily adds files as long as this ratio keeps **decreasing**
(meaning each additional file is "cheap" to include). When adding a file
causes the ratio to **increase**, we stop — it signals diminishing returns.

```
Example: scanning files from newest (left) to oldest (right)

  Files:    [F5:32KB] [F4:64KB] [F3:48KB] [F2:96KB] [F1:128KB]

  Step 1: Start with F5 (32KB). compact_bytes = 32KB.
  Step 2: Add F4.  compact_bytes = 96KB.  per_del = 96/1 = 96KB.
  Step 3: Add F3.  compact_bytes = 144KB. per_del = 144/2 = 72KB. (72 < 96, improving)
  Step 4: Add F2.  compact_bytes = 240KB. per_del = 240/3 = 80KB. (80 > 72, WORSE!)
          --> STOP. Adding F2 makes the ratio increase.

  Result: pick [F5, F4, F3] (3 files), per_del = 72KB.
```

The ratio increases when a file is significantly larger than the average of
files already selected. This naturally prevents including already-compacted
files (which are larger than flush files) — IF the size gap is significant.

### Example (uniform flush files)

```
Before (4 flush files of 64KB each, trigger=4):

  L0: [F4:64KB] [F3:64KB] [F2:64KB] [F1:64KB]
       newest                          oldest

  PickCostBasedIntraL0Compaction:
    Add F4: compact_bytes = 64KB
    Add F3: compact_bytes = 128KB, per_del = 128/1 = 128KB
    Add F2: compact_bytes = 192KB, per_del = 192/2 = 96KB  (96 < 128, better)
    Add F1: compact_bytes = 256KB, per_del = 256/3 = 85KB  (85 < 96, better)
    No more files. Check: 4 >= trigger(4) and 85KB < 70MB. OK.

After:
  L0: [C1:256KB]    (single compacted output)
```

### Example (flush + compacted, ratio detects size gap)

```
  L0: [F8:64KB] [F7:64KB] [F6:64KB] [F5:64KB] [C1:256KB]
       newest                                     oldest (compacted)

  PickCostBasedIntraL0Compaction:
    Add F8: compact_bytes = 64KB
    Add F7: compact_bytes = 128KB, per_del = 128/1 = 128KB
    Add F6: compact_bytes = 192KB, per_del = 192/2 = 96KB  (improving)
    Add F5: compact_bytes = 256KB, per_del = 256/3 = 85KB  (improving)
    Add C1: compact_bytes = 512KB, per_del = 512/4 = 128KB (128 > 85, WORSE!)
    --> STOP before C1.

  Result: pick [F8, F7, F6, F5] — compacted file C1 is excluded.
  This works because C1 (256KB) is 4x larger than flush files (64KB).
```

### Anti-Re-Compaction Guard

The guard `compact_bytes_per_del_file < 1.1 * write_buffer_size` prevents
picking files that are already near memtable size. The idea: compacted files
should be ~write_buffer_size, so they'd push `per_del` above the guard.

```
Guard works when SST ~= write_buffer_size:

  Files: [64MB, 64MB, 64MB, 64MB]   (SST ~= WBS = 64MB)
  per_del = 256MB/3 = 85MB > 70MB   --> guard rejects --> no re-compaction
```

### Known Limitation with BlobDB

With BlobDB, SST files are ~1000x smaller than `write_buffer_size`. The guard
threshold (e.g., 70MB) is never reached by any L0 file. ALL files pass the
guard, including previously compacted files:

```
Guard FAILS when SST << write_buffer_size (BlobDB):

  write_buffer_size = 64MB, SST files ~64KB (1000x smaller)
  Guard threshold: 1.1 * 64MB = 70.4MB

  10 compacted files of 256KB each:
    per_del = 2560KB/9 = 284KB << 70.4MB --> guard passes!
    ALL 10 files re-compacted into 1 file of 2.56MB

  Result: cascading re-compaction creates "monster files"

  Round 1: [64KB, 64KB, 64KB, 64KB] --> compact --> [256KB]
  Round 2: [64KB, 64KB, 64KB, 256KB] --> compact ALL --> [448KB]
  Round 3: [64KB, 64KB, 64KB, 448KB] --> compact ALL --> [640KB]
  ... files grow unboundedly
```

Use the KV-ratio strategy instead for BlobDB workloads.

### Config

- `CompactionOptionsFIFO::allow_compaction` (default: false)
- Anti-re-compaction guard: `1.1 * write_buffer_size`
- Min files: `level0_file_num_compaction_trigger`

## New Strategy: `use_kv_ratio_compaction` (`PickRatioBasedIntraL0Compaction`)

**When**: `allow_compaction = true` AND `use_kv_ratio_compaction = true`
AND `max_data_files_size > 0`

This strategy replaces the `write_buffer_size`-based guard with a
**capacity-derived target** and uses **tiered size-based merging** to achieve
logarithmic write amplification. It observes the actual SST/blob size ratio,
computes a target graduated file size, and merges files incrementally through
size tiers rather than directly to target.

### Why a New Strategy?

```
Without BlobDB:  SST ~= write_buffer_size     --> old guard works
With BlobDB:     SST ~= write_buffer_size/1000 --> old guard is useless
```

The new strategy derives the target from the **data capacity** and
**observed key/value ratio**, not from `write_buffer_size`.

### Algorithm

**Step 1: Target Computation**

The target graduated file size can be determined in two ways:

```
If max_compaction_bytes > 0 (explicitly set by user):
  target = max_compaction_bytes      // user override

If max_compaction_bytes == 0 (default, auto-calculate):
  sst_ratio = total_l0_sst / (total_l0_sst + total_blob)
  total_sst_at_cap = max_data_files_size * sst_ratio
  target = total_sst_at_cap / level0_file_num_compaction_trigger
```

```
Example (auto-calculated):
  max_data_files_size = 10GB, sst_ratio = 0.001 (64KB SST / 64MB total)
  total_sst_at_cap = 10GB * 0.001 = 10MB
  trigger = 10
  target = 10MB / 10 = 1MB
```

The `sst_ratio` is **recomputed on every `PickCompaction` call**. The
computation is trivial (sum file sizes + arithmetic) and `PickCompaction`
is only called once per flush or compaction completion, so no caching is
needed. This also means the ratio naturally adapts when `SetOptions()`
changes configuration.

**Step 2: Tier Boundaries**

Tier boundaries form a geometric sequence descending from the target,
using `trigger` as the growth factor:

```
..., target/trigger^2, target/trigger, target
```

Example with target=1MB, trigger=10:
  boundaries = [10KB, 100KB, 1MB]

Boundaries below 10KB are not generated (SST files of most workloads
are larger than this). If target itself is below 10KB, it is used as
the sole boundary.

Files >= target are "graduated" and never compacted again. They sit
in L0 until FIFO drops them.

**Step 3: Tiered File Selection**

For each tier boundary (smallest first), scan L0 from oldest to newest:

```
For each boundary B (from smallest to largest):
  1. Skip files >= B (they belong to higher tiers) and being_compacted files
  2. Collect contiguous files < B
  3. Stop when accumulated >= B (cap at 2*B to prevent tier-skipping)
  4. If >= 2 files and accumulated >= B: merge them
  5. Output (~B bytes) lands at the next tier
```

Processing boundaries smallest-first ensures bottom-up build: flush outputs
are merged first, and higher-tier merges happen naturally as lower-tier
outputs accumulate.

```
Example (target=1MB, trigger=10, flush~10KB):

  Tier boundaries: [10KB, 100KB, 1MB]

  L0: [1MB_grad] [1MB_grad] [100KB] [100KB] [10KB] [10KB] [F] [F] [F] [F]

  Scan at boundary=10KB:
    F,F,F,F (all < 10KB) --> accumulated >= 10KB? If yes, merge → ~10KB output

  Scan at boundary=100KB:
    10KB,10KB,... (all < 100KB) --> accumulated >= 100KB? merge → ~100KB

  Scan at boundary=1MB:
    100KB,100KB,... (all < 1MB) --> accumulated >= 1MB? merge → graduated!
```

### Trade-Off: Write Amp vs L0 File Count

The tiered approach trades higher L0 file count for logarithmic write amp:

```
Write amp per byte:
  k + 1 = ceil(log(target/flush) / log(trigger)) + 1
  Each byte is rewritten once per tier crossing.

L0 file count at steady state:
  trigger + k * (trigger - 1)
  More than the original trigger target, but bounded logarithmically.

Example (target=1MB, flush=1KB, trigger=10):
  k = 3 tiers, write amp = 4, file count ≈ 37
  vs flat merging: write amp ≈ 57
```

### Anti-Re-Compaction Guard

The guard is implicit in the tier boundaries:

```
Graduated files (>= target) are skipped at EVERY tier boundary.
  1MB >= 1MB   --> skipped at 1MB boundary
  1MB >= 100KB --> skipped at 100KB boundary
  1MB >= 10KB  --> skipped at 10KB boundary

Intermediate tier files are only merged at HIGHER tier boundaries.
  A 100KB file (output of tier-0 merge) is:
    >= 100KB --> skipped at 100KB boundary (won't be re-merged at same tier)
    < 1MB    --> eligible at 1MB boundary (merges into graduated file)
```

Compare with the old strategy's guard:

```
Old: guard = 1.1 * write_buffer_size (breaks when SST << WBS)
New: graduated files >= target always excluded; intermediate files
     progress through tiers without cascading re-compaction
```

### Steady State

```
Steady state L0 (target=64MB, trigger=4, flush~1MB):

  [64MB_grad, 64MB_grad, 64MB_grad, 64MB_grad,
   16MB, 16MB, 16MB,
   4MB, 4MB,
   1MB, 1MB, 1MB]

  - 4 graduated files at target size (frozen until FIFO drops them)
  - Intermediate files at tier sizes (accumulating for next merge)
  - Flush outputs (accumulating for first tier merge)

When FIFO drops the oldest graduated file, it removes exactly
1/trigger of the total SST data (predictable).
```

### Write Amplification

```
With BlobDB (SST ~1KB, blob ~1MB per flush, target=1MB, trigger=10):
  - k = 3 tiers (1KB → 10KB → 100KB → 1MB)
  - SST write amp: k+1 = 4x (flush + 3 tier crossings)
  - Blob write amp: ~1x (never rewritten)
  - Total write amp: ~1 + 1KB*4/(1KB+1MB) ≈ 1.004x

Without BlobDB (SST ~64MB per flush):
  - target = large, ratio = 1, k = 1 typically
  - SST write amp: ~2x
```

### File Uniformity

At steady state, all graduated files are close to the target size.
Output is in [boundary, 2*boundary) at each tier. Variable flush sizes
are handled naturally — the size-based merge rule produces consistent
output regardless of individual file sizes.

### Config

- `CompactionOptionsFIFO::allow_compaction` (required: true)
- `CompactionOptionsFIFO::use_kv_ratio_compaction` (default: false)
- `CompactionOptionsFIFO::max_data_files_size` (required, > 0)
- `level0_file_num_compaction_trigger` (target max L0 file count)
- `max_compaction_bytes` (default: 0 = auto-calculate target from capacity;
  when > 0, overrides auto-calculated target with this value)

## Choosing Between Old and New Intra-L0 Strategies

Both strategies require `allow_compaction = true`. The choice of strategy
depends on whether BlobDB is used:

```
Decision tree:

  Want intra-L0 compaction?
    |
    +-- NO:  allow_compaction = false (default)
    |        No file merging, only dropping.
    |
    +-- YES: allow_compaction = true
             |
             +-- Using BlobDB (SST << write_buffer_size)?
             |     |
             |     +-- YES: use_kv_ratio_compaction = true
             |     |        (also requires max_data_files_size > 0)
             |     |
             |     +-- NO:  use_kv_ratio_compaction = false (default)
             |              Old strategy works fine.
```

| Criteria | Old (default) | New (`use_kv_ratio_compaction`) |
|----------|------------------------|-------------------------------|
| Guard mechanism | `1.1 * write_buffer_size` | capacity-derived target |
| Works with BlobDB? | No (guard broken) | Yes (designed for it) |
| File uniformity | Poor with BlobDB | Good (+/-25%) |
| Re-compaction risk | High with BlobDB | None (tiered boundaries prevent it) |
| Write amp (BlobDB) | Unpredictable | Logarithmic: (k+1)x SST, ~1x total |
| Requires | `allow_compaction=true` | `allow_compaction=true` + `use_kv_ratio_compaction=true` + `max_data_files_size>0` |

---

# Configuration Examples

## Basic FIFO (no intra-L0 compaction)

```cpp
options.compaction_style = kCompactionStyleFIFO;
options.compaction_options_fifo.max_table_files_size = 1ULL * 1024 * 1024 * 1024;  // 1GB
```

## FIFO with old intra-L0 (non-BlobDB)

```cpp
options.compaction_style = kCompactionStyleFIFO;
options.compaction_options_fifo.max_table_files_size = 1ULL * 1024 * 1024 * 1024;
options.compaction_options_fifo.allow_compaction = true;
options.level0_file_num_compaction_trigger = 4;
```

## FIFO with BlobDB and KV-ratio compaction

```cpp
options.compaction_style = kCompactionStyleFIFO;
options.compaction_options_fifo.max_data_files_size = 10ULL * 1024 * 1024 * 1024;  // 10GB
options.compaction_options_fifo.allow_compaction = true;   // master switch
options.compaction_options_fifo.use_kv_ratio_compaction = true;  // select new strategy
options.level0_file_num_compaction_trigger = 10;
options.enable_blob_files = true;
options.min_blob_size = 1024;
```

## FIFO with TTL + BlobDB

```cpp
options.compaction_style = kCompactionStyleFIFO;
options.compaction_options_fifo.max_data_files_size = 10ULL * 1024 * 1024 * 1024;
options.compaction_options_fifo.allow_compaction = true;
options.compaction_options_fifo.use_kv_ratio_compaction = true;
options.level0_file_num_compaction_trigger = 10;
options.ttl = 86400;  // 24 hours
options.enable_blob_files = true;
options.min_blob_size = 1024;
```

---

# Configuration Reference

## CompactionOptionsFIFO

| Option | Type | Default | Description |
|--------|------|---------|-------------|
| `max_table_files_size` | uint64_t | 1GB | SST-only size limit for FIFO dropping |
| `max_data_files_size` | uint64_t | 0 | Combined SST+blob size limit (0=disabled) |
| `allow_compaction` | bool | false | Master switch for intra-L0 compaction (required for both old and new strategies) |
| `use_kv_ratio_compaction` | bool | false | Select capacity-derived intra-L0 strategy (requires allow_compaction=true AND max_data_files_size>0) |
| `age_for_warm` | uint64_t | 0 | DEPRECATED |
| `file_temperature_age_thresholds` | vector | empty | Age-based temperature migration |
| `allow_trivial_copy_when_change_temperature` | bool | false | Allow trivial copy for temp change |
| `trivial_copy_buffer_size` | uint64_t | 4096 | Buffer size for trivial copy |

## Related CF Options

| Option | Relevance to FIFO |
|--------|-------------------|
| `level0_file_num_compaction_trigger` | Target max L0 file count for KV-ratio; min files for old intra-L0 |
| `ttl` | TTL-based file expiration (seconds) |
| `write_buffer_size` | Guard threshold for old-style intra-L0 (1.1x) |
| `max_compaction_bytes` | For KV-ratio: 0 = auto-calculate target from capacity; > 0 = use as target directly. For old intra-L0: cap on total input size. Default sanitized to target_file_size_base * 25 (except when use_kv_ratio_compaction=true, where 0 is preserved) |